I normally put 'bad gas' quite a way down on the list of possible suspects, however in your case, the timing of events appears to make it much more likely. But, instead of water in the gas, it sounds more like debris was sent into the fuel filter, based on the fact that it starts up ok. A fuel pressure test would almost certainly be able to confirm that. If the filter is the issue, you would see the pressure drop or simply be too low, corresponding to the engine stalling out. My understanding is that gas station filtration is normally excellent, however it certainly can't be impossible for some stuff to somehow slip by their filters, and pass into a vehicle.

But, of course it's also possible that the timing of the fill up was just a coincidence, and it's a completely different issue. If that's the case, then monitoring with an OBD realtime data stream reader would be extremely helpful in diagnosing the actual problem.